Innovations in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention: From Biomarkers to Digital Health Technologies

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and account for a considerable proportion of deaths in Europe. CVD pathogenesis is characterized by complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors; important modifiable risk factors include smoking, obesity, a poor diet, and physical inactivity. This article investigates the mechanisms of coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherosclerosis, including the role of oxidative stress, inflammation, and adipocyte dysfunction. Atherosclerotic plaque formation, which is driven by high LDL levels, endothelial dysfunction, and oxidative stress, has been related to an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke. Furthermore, we discuss how systemic vasculitis, genetic and epigenetic factors, and microRNAs (miRNAs) such as miR-133a, miR-21, and miR-499a-5p regulate critical processes in smooth muscle cell proliferation and myocardial ischemia, emphasizing their dual potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Early CVD diagnosis relies on novel biomarkers such as oxidized LDL, PAI-1, and CRP, especially in adolescent populations where obesity and metabolic syndrome contribute to disease onset. Prioritizing lifestyle factors such as food and exercise reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents. Machine learning, poly-omic data integration, and digital health technologies can all be applied to personalized therapy and real-time cardiovascular risk assessment. Further study into multi-omic methods and new biomarkers is needed for early detection and prevention among sensitive populations.